The commercially available drug-eluting stent with limus (rapamycin, everolimus, etc.) or paclitaxel inhibits smooth muscle cell (SMC), reducing the in-stent restenosis, whereas damages endothelial cell (EC) and delays stent reendothelialization, increasing the risk of stent thrombosis (ST) and sudden cardiac death. Here we present a new strategy for promoting stent reendothelialization and preventing ST by exploring the application of precise molecular targets with EC specificity. Proteomics was used to investigate the molecular mechanism of EC injury caused by rapamycin. Endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR) was screened out as a crucial EC-specific effector. Limus and paclitaxel repressed the EPCR expression... More
The commercially available drug-eluting stent with limus (rapamycin, everolimus, etc.) or paclitaxel inhibits smooth muscle cell (SMC), reducing the in-stent restenosis, whereas damages endothelial cell (EC) and delays stent reendothelialization, increasing the risk of stent thrombosis (ST) and sudden cardiac death. Here we present a new strategy for promoting stent reendothelialization and preventing ST by exploring the application of precise molecular targets with EC specificity. Proteomics was used to investigate the molecular mechanism of EC injury caused by rapamycin. Endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR) was screened out as a crucial EC-specific effector. Limus and paclitaxel repressed the EPCR expression, while overexpression of EPCR protected EC from coating (eluting) drug-induced injury. Furthermore, the ligand activated protein C (APC), polypeptide TR47, and compound parmodulin 2, which activated the target EPCR, promoted EC functions and inhibited platelet or neutrophil adhesion, and enhanced rapamycin stent reendothelialization in the simulated stent environment and in vitro. In vivo, the APC/rapamycin-coating promoted reendothelialization rapidly and prevented ST more effectively than rapamycin-coating alone, in both traditional metal stents and biodegradable stents. Additionally, overexpression or activation of the target EPCR did not affect the cellular behavior of SMC or the inhibitory effect of rapamycin on SMC. In conclusion, EPCR is a promising therapeutical agonistic target for pro-reendothelialization and anti-thrombosis of eluting stent. Activation of EPCR protects against coating drugs-induced EC injury, inflammatory cell, or platelet adhesion onto the stent. The novel application formula for APC/rapamycin-combined eluting promotes stent reendothelialization and prevents ST.
