A versatile papaya mosaic virus (PapMV) vaccine platform based on sortase-mediated antigen coupling

Recent studies suggest a role for T lymphocytes in hypertension. However, whether T cells contribute to renal sodium retention and salt-sensitive hypertension is unknown. Here we demonstrate that T cells infiltrate into the kidney of salt-sensitive hypertensive animals. In particular, CD8 þ T cells directly contact the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) in the kidneys of DOCA-salt mice and CD8 þ T cell-injected mice, leading to up-regulation of the Na-Cl co-transporter NCC, p-NCC and the development of salt-sensitive hypertension. Co-culture with CD8 þ T cells upregulates NCC in mouse DCT cells via ROS-induced activation of Src kinase, up-regulation of the K þ channel Kir4.1, and stimulation of the Cl channel ClC-K. The last event increases chloride efflux, leading to compensatory chloride influx via NCC activation at the cost of increasing sodium retention. Collectively, these findings provide a mechanism for adaptive immunity involvement in the kidney defect in sodium handling and the pathogenesis of salt-sensitive hypertensio