and Characterization of Novel Neuraminidase Substitutions in Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 Virus Identified Using Laninamivir-Mediated Selection.

Neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors (NAIs) are widely used antiviral drugs for the treatment of humans with influenza virus infections. There have been widespread reports of NAI resistance among seasonal A(H1N1) viruses， and most have been identified in oseltamivir-exposed patients or those treated with other NAIs. Thus， monitoring and identifying NA markers conferring resistance to NAIs-particularly newly introduced treatments-are critical to the management of viral infections. Therefore， we screened and identified substitutions conferring resistance to laninamivir by enriching random mutations in the NA gene of the 2009 pandemic influenza [A(H1N1)pdm09] virus followed by deep sequencing of the laninamivir-selected variants. After the generation of single mutants possessing each identified mutation， two A(H1N1)pdm09 recombinants possessing novel NA gene substitutions (i.e.， D199E and P458T) were shown to exhibit resistance to more than one NAI. Of note， mutants possessing P458T-which is located outside of the catalytic or framework residue of the NA active site-exhibited highly reduced inhibition by all four approved NAIs. Using MDCK cells， we observed that the viral replication of the two recombinants was lower than that of the wild type (WT). Additionally， in infected mice， decreased mortality and/or mean lung viral titers were observed in mutants compared with the WT. Reverse mutations to the WT were observed in lung homogenate samples from D199E-infected mice after 3 serial passages. Overall， the novel NA substitutions identified could possibly emerge in influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses during laninamivir therapy and the viruses could have altered NAI susceptibility， but the compromised viral fitness may limit viral spreading. With the widespread emergence of NAI-resistant influenza virus strains， continuous monitoring of mutations that confer antiviral resistance is needed. Laninamivir is the most recently approved NAI in several countries; few data exist related to the selection of viral mutations conferring resistance to laninamivir. Thus， we screened and identified substitutions conferring resistance to laninamivir by random mutagenesis of the NA gene of the 2009 pandemic influenza [A(H1N1)pdm09] virus strain followed by deep sequencing of the laninamivir-selected variants. We found several novel substitutions in NA (D199E and P458T) in an A(H1N1)pdm09 background which conferred resistance to NAIs and which had an impact on viral fitness. Our study highlights the importance of continued surveillance for potential antiviral-resistant variants and the development of alternative therapeutics.