Precise insertion and guided editing of higher plant genomes using Cpf1 CRISPR nucleases.

Precise genome editing of plants has the potential to reshape global agriculture through the targeted engineering of endogenous pathways or the introduction of new traits. To develop a CRISPR nuclease-based platform that would enable higher efficiencies of precise gene insertion or replacement, we screened the Cpf1 nucleases from Francisella novicida and Lachnospiraceae bacterium ND2006 for their capability to induce targeted gene insertion via homology directed repair. Both nucleases, in the presence of a guide RNA and repairing DNA template flanked by homology DNA fragments to the target site, were demonstrated to generate precise gene insertions as well as indel mutations at the target site in the rice genome. The frequency of targeted insertion for these Cpf1 nucleases, up to 8%, is higher than most other genome editing nucleases, indicative of its effective enzymatic chemistry. Further refinements and broad adoption of the Cpf1 genome editing technology have the potential to make a dramatic impact on plant biotechnology.